CCG持续对企业全球化、 “走出去”和“引进来” 展开双向研究,以当前国际背景下的中美贸易、国际贸易、来华投资、对外投资、数字贸易为主题,进行分析、研究与解读。CCG 不断寻求更多力量来推动全球自由贸易发展,率先推动中国加入 CPTPP,并发布系列研究报告。此外,CCG 课题组常年编写国内唯一的“企业国际化蓝皮书”《中国企业全球化报告》,并在中国社会科学文献出版社出版。CCG还研发出版了《世界华商发展报告》、《大潮澎湃——中国企业“出海”四十年》、China Goes Global 、The Globalization of Chinese Enterprises 等企业全球化研究中英文图书系列。CCG还创办了国内最具影响力的专注于企业全球化发展的“中国企业全球化论坛”,围绕国际贸易与投资相关国际议题设置多场分论坛,云集国内外极具影响力的跨国公司领袖、驻华大使、前政要官员、国际组织与商会负责人、国际顶尖智库专家及知名学者深度研讨,已发展成为推动企业全球化发展的国际高端论坛。
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He Weiwen: The “America First” Trade Policy is Hurting America
By He Weiwen, a senior research fellow at CCG.
2019年2月18日 -
庞中英:英国脱欧谈判与中美贸易谈判“最后期限”之比较
庞中英,CCG特邀高级研究员,中国海洋大学海洋发展研究院院长 摘要 | 2018年12月1日,中美两国元首在阿根廷确定了关于通过谈判解决中美两国贸易争端以及其“最后期限”。这是2018年的最重要大事之一。中美贸易谈判的“最终期限”的确立说明,中美两国再次决定通过谈判而非“贸易战”解决两国贸易关系中存在的问题。
2019年2月14日 -
魏建国:两天磋商开启中美未来合作之路
专家简介
2019年2月12日 -
庞中英:美方透露与华“贸易磋商”关键难点有多重含义
庞中英,CCG特邀高级研究员,中国海洋大学海洋发展研究院院长 路透社2018年1月19日的“独家报道”,即“美国在与中国的贸易谈判中提出对中国承诺的贸易改革进行定期进展评估(以下简称“定期评估”),以此作为达成协议的条件之一,一旦认为中国违反了协议,就可以再度对它采取关税行动。”这一被评论为“单方面”的要求(美国当然不会接受中国也对美国的承诺进行定期评估,美国也不存在对中国的承诺,所以,中国也不可能对美国的承诺进行定期评估),很快受到举世瞩目。这条消息至少在中国微信圈中“刷屏”。据新加坡《联合早报》的报道,“中国谈判代表对于定期评估改革进展的提议并不感兴趣,但美国的提议也没有妨碍谈判”。 这条消息再次让人们知道了美国方面所说的与中国之间的结构性问题到底是什么,也就是说,目前的中美“贸易磋商”,美国方面其实真正在意的不是钱(中国多买,美国多卖),而是“结构性问题”。 “结构性问题”才是中美“贸易磋商”的难点,才是中美“贸易磋商”的关键。这次“贸易磋商”要成功,需要在“结构性问题”上达成协议。 表面上,特朗普政府尽管信奉的是老掉牙的“经济民族主义”,但实际上,这“经济民族主义”也是会“现代化”的或者“与时俱进”的。特朗普政府抓住的是当前的美国与世界之间经济关系要害的结构性的议题,例如,知识产权保护、技术转让、产业补贴等。 面对美国此种结构性压力,中国头脑的冷静和谈判的专业也许最为重要(切忌不要用诸如“霸道”、“侮辱”等恶言回应特朗普政府的压力)。我们知道,美国在与贸易伙伴(中国只是其贸易伙伴之一)的谈判上,一再如此压力。这是事实。 当年美国与日本发生贸易冲突时,美国就直触日本最敏感的神经——日本与美国的结构性问题,即所谓解决美日之间的“结构性障碍”(The US-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative)。由此可见美国谈判的高度或者深度。 这次与中国的谈判,我认为,特朗普政府尚未达到当年的美国政府对待日本那样狠度,结构性问题也是有选择性的,并没有单独拿出来谈结构性问题。也许,过一段时间,中美“贸易磋商”下一步就专门集中在结构性问题。 我举日本的例子是想说,日本等早已遭遇到美国的这种贸易打击。中国是后来者,要平常心对待。中国不妨汲取一下日本是如何应对美国的。 我还想说,冷战结束后的全球经济治理之所以与以前的不同,就在于有一系列机制解决敏感的甚至危险的“结构问题”。GATT只是国际贸易治理,而WTO则是全球贸易治理,原因是WTO的争端解决机制。我们很多人把国际治理等同于全球治理。“国际”与“全球”差别大。 2008年金融危机后,G20要求“相互评估进程”(MAP),确立“国际经济合作”,主要是“宏观经济政策合作”的核心机制。只是,这个东西太超前,太重要,这几年在实质上即在真正的全球经济治理上不断走下坡路的G20,在执行MAP上,IMF等在这MAP也虎头蛇尾,没有实质性的进展。比如,各国中央银行都进行“量化宽松”的货币政策,本来欧美和“新兴经济”要在这方面协调,却各自为政,甚至以邻为壑(以邻为壑就是经济民族主义的要义之一)。 “评估”(review)一度非常流行,是“新经济自由主义”的全球治理的关键政策工具。因为既然全球化了,全球治理当然要进入“心脏”等结构的要害部位,否则,怎么也谈不上“治理”(governance)。比如,非洲发展伙伴计划(The New Partnership for Africa’s Development – NEPAD) 要对参与国家的宏观经济政策进行“评估”。 中国是G20和NEPAD等进程的主要参与者,应该知道“评估”的要义。 这次特朗普政府提出对中国贸易政策尤其是中国改革的情况进行“评估”,还有一个核心词,即美国不是听中国说什么,而是要亲自“核查”(verify)。这可能更让中国难以接受。但是,我们知道,美国对朝鲜“无核化”也是这种“核查”的要求。我们对于“核查”一词不要吃惊。 到底我们怎么对美国进行反击或者驳斥? 我们知道,现在的这个特朗普政府与以往的美国政府最大的不同在于其强调“主权”。查一查从特朗普总统到其内阁成员的讲话,强调美国的“主权”不可受到侵蚀不可受到影响,到处都是。美国不让别国和其他国际行为体碰触美国的主权,美国却要侵犯或者冲击其他国家的主权,这是赤裸裸的单边主义,“双重标准”,岂有此理! 在道理上,特朗普政府是矛盾的。如果中国不接受特朗普政府的多方面“定期评估”和“核查”,就要拿特朗普政府的高调的主权论说事。你特朗普不是很看重至高无上的主权原则吗? 不过,在具体谈判中,中国不必如此教条!因为美国毕竟仍然是“唯一的超级大国”。我认为,中国方面在谈判时要美国也做出对中国的若干“承诺”,并要求也“定期评估”美国对这些承诺的落实情况,以及进行“核查”。也即中国提出与美国之间相互评估。否则,就有理有力地驳回美国的“定期评估”和“核查”要求。 最后,美国方面透露出与中国“贸易磋商”的要害之难点,可能有多个含义,自然是施加压力了,但更是试水,更是检测中国到底能在多大程度上给美国以承诺,也是为假如“贸易磋商”达不成协议埋下伏笔。 中美贸易谈判的结构部分的情况到底如何和将要如何,我们在中国春节前后的中美“贸易磋商”中就能看出一些。 文章选自华夏时报网,2019年1月20日
2019年1月23日 -
Victor Gao: Here’s a win-win zero-tariffs trade deal
Here’s a win-win zero-tariffs trade deal that Donald Trump and Xi Jinping should shake on By Victor Gao, vice president of CCG How the United States and China deal with each other in 2019 is of vital importance, as it will have an impact not only on these two countries, but on the world as a whole. The US-China trade war, unprecedented in scale and severity, has further increased the risks to peace and development. Fortunately, US President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping met in Argentina on December 1, and agreed to a three-month truce before more tariffs would be imposed on Chinese exports to the US. Towards the end of December, Trump and Xi had a pleasant phone call and exchanged New Year greetings. In early January, the Chinese and US teams met in Beijing for extensive dialogue to hash out the details and narrow the differences on trade. Although there was no joint communique after this round of working-level talks, it is expected that Chinese Vice-Premier Liu He will visit Washington before the end of January for higher-level dialogue, and that Xi and Trump will review the results of this dialogue and decide how China-US relations should proceed. The world is holding its breath for what may or may not happen. The general expectation is that, for their mutual benefit as well as global economic peace, it is better for the US and China to move on from the trade war to what matters the most: development. It is important to note that, although the trade war involves mostly tariffs and should be more accurately called the tariff war, the fundamental issue facing the US is equal, unhindered access to the Chinese market, which has become the world’s largest consumer market. To help China and the US strike a better deal, I propose a reciprocal zero-tariff agreement. Some background: In bilateral trade between the world’s two largest economies, there is a huge imbalance against the US. While the exact statistics differ between China and the US (because of the different benchmarks used), for argument’s sake, let us consider the most recent Chinese customs data. In 2018, US imports to China rose to US$155.1 billion and Chinese exports to the US to US$478.4 billion, which means that the US is running a trade deficit of US$323.3 billion (and China, a surplus of US$323.3 billion). Such a large imbalance is obviously not conducive to the constructive development of China-US relations. Yet, while Trump has emphasised the importance of balanced trade, it may not be realistic to expect an instant rebalancing, given the strong interconnectedness between the two economies. Over the past year, the Chinese and US trade delegations have largely been involved in bean counting. As important as that may be, it is high time to get a macro and fundamental perspective of bilateral trade. This is the rationale behind the reciprocal zero-tariff arrangement between China and the US, which would include the following key points. 1. Reciprocity: China and the US would impose zero tariffs on imports or exports between each other, in the amount of US imports to China. The figure would be adjusted every year, according to changes in US imports to China. So, for the past year, for example, China and the US would qualify for zero tariffs on US$155.1 billion of Chinese goods exported to the US and US$155.1 billion of US goods imported to China. 2. Tariff exemption or otherwise: A sizeable amount of Chinese exports to the US (around US$150 billion) are manufactured by US companies operating in China. The US government could use its discretion in granting tariff exemptions to these US companies or levying certain tariffs on their goods. 3. Normal tariffs or otherwise: for the remainder of Chinese exports to the US, the US could levy normal tariffs, the lowest possible tariffs, or zero tariffs. 4. Annual readjustment: As the amount of US imports to China would be used as the benchmark for the reciprocal zero-tariff agreement, the agreement would be adjusted according to the amount every year. Under this arrangement, both the US and China would be winners and there would be more balanced and sustainable trade between them. For the US, one key advantage of this arrangement is guaranteed greater access to the increasingly important Chinese market. There is no doubt that this arrangement would result in more US goods being imported to China, which would help create more jobs in the US. Initially, China could be uneasy about granting zero tariffs to all imports from the US, especially agricultural goods, but let us hope that both China and the US recognise the greater good that could be brought about by this arrangement. If this becomes a reality, both Xi and Trump should get recognition for their wisdom, vision and courage. While former US President Richard Nixon has been hailed as the leader who opened the door to China, Trump could go down in history as the one who opened up a zero-tariffs Chinese market for US goods, thanks to his repeated emphasis on reciprocity and fairer access to the Chinese market. This could be a happy, win-win arrangement for the people of China and the US, who would be able to put the trade war behind them and rededicate themselves to expanding economic engagement between China and the US for mutual benefit. There is no doubt the world will be a better and safer place with more trade, and fairer and more sustainable trade, between the two largest economies. About Author Victor Gao, vice president of Center for China and Globalization(CCG), the chairman of China Energy Security Institute.
2019年1月22日